Cascade echo cancellation for asymmetric references

ABSTRACT

A system configured to perform cascade echo cancellation processing to improve a performance when reference signals are asymmetric (e.g., dominant reference signal(s) overshadow weak reference signal(s)). The system may perform cascade echo cancellation processing to separately adapt filter coefficients between the dominant reference signal(s) and the weak reference signal(s). For example, the system may use a dominant reference signal to process a microphone audio signal and generate a residual audio signal, using the residual audio signal to adapt first filter coefficient values corresponding to the dominant reference signal. Separately, the system may use a weak reference signal to process the residual audio signal and generate an output audio signal, using the output audio signal to adapt second filter coefficient values corresponding to the weak reference signal.

BACKGROUND

With the advancement of technology, the use and popularity of electronicdevices has increased considerably. Electronic devices are commonly usedto capture and process audio data.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

For a more complete understanding of the present disclosure, referenceis now made to the following description taken in conjunction with theaccompanying drawings.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate examples of frame indexes, tone indexes, andchannel indexes.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate examples of parallel echo cancellation andcascade echo cancellation according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates example reference audio signals according toembodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates examples of relative energy values within differentfrequency ranges according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate examples of echo cancellation configurationswithin different frequency ranges according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates examples of double cascade echo cancellationaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 illustrates examples of relative energy values within differentfrequency ranges according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming echo cancellation according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming cascaded echo cancellation using fixed configurationsaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming grouping reference audio signals according to embodiments ofthe present disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming cascaded echo cancellation using dynamic configurationsaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating example componentsof a system according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Electronic devices may be used to capture and process audio data. Theaudio data may be used for voice commands and/or may be output byloudspeakers as part of a communication session. In some examples,loudspeakers may generate audio using playback audio data while amicrophone generates local audio data. An electronic device may performaudio processing, such as acoustic echo cancellation (AEC), to remove an“echo” signal corresponding to the playback audio data from the localaudio data, isolating local speech to be used for voice commands and/orthe communication session.

In some examples, the device may perform multi-channel echo cancellationprocessing to remove one or more reference signals from one or moremicrophone signals. However, when reference signals are asymmetric(e.g., dominant reference signal(s) overshadow weak referencesignal(s)), a performance of traditional multi-channel echo cancellationdegrades.

To improve a performance of echo cancellation and/or improve an audioquality of an output audio signal when energies of the reference signalsare asymmetric, devices, systems and methods are disclosed that performcascade echo cancellation processing to separately adapt filtercoefficients between the dominant reference signal(s) and the weakreference signal(s). For example, the system may process a microphoneaudio signal using a first echo canceller component in order to generatea residual audio signal, and may process the residual audio signal usinga second echo canceller component in order to generate an output audiosignal. The first echo canceller component may use the dominantreference signal and first filter coefficient values to remove a firstportion of echo corresponding to the dominant reference signal and maythen use the residual audio signal to adapt the first filter coefficientvalues. Separately, the second echo canceller component may use the weakreference signal and second filter coefficient values to remove a secondportion of echo corresponding to the weak reference signal and may thenuse the output audio signal to adapt the second filter coefficientvalues. By removing the first echo prior to adapting the second filtercoefficient values, the second echo canceller component may adapt thesecond filter coefficient values with more precision than if the device110 attempted to adapt both the first filter coefficient values and thesecond filter coefficient values simultaneously using a multi-channelecho canceller component.

FIG. 1 illustrates a system configured to perform cascade echocancellation processing for asymmetric reference signals according toembodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the system 100 maybe configured to receive or generate microphone audio signals andperform echo cancellation to generate an output audio signalrepresenting desired speech. Although FIG. 1, and otherfigures/discussion illustrate the operation of the system in aparticular order, the steps described may be performed in a differentorder (as well as certain steps removed or added) without departing fromthe intent of the disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 1, the system 100may include a device 110 that may be communicatively coupled tonetwork(s) 199 and may include microphones 112 in a microphone arrayand/or one or more loudspeaker(s) 114. However, the disclosure is notlimited thereto and the device 110 may include additional componentswithout departing from the disclosure. While FIG. 1 illustrates theloudspeaker(s) 114 being internal to the device 110, the disclosure isnot limited thereto and the loudspeaker(s) 114 may be external to thedevice 110 without departing from the disclosure. For example, theloudspeaker(s) 114 may be separate from the device 110 and connected tothe device 110 via a wired connection and/or a wireless connectionwithout departing from the disclosure.

The device 110 may be an electronic device configured to send audio datato and/or receive audio data. For example, the device 110 (e.g., localdevice) may receive playback audio data x_(r)(t) (e.g., far-endreference audio data) from a remote device and the playback audio datax_(r)(t) may include remote speech, music, and/or other output audio. Insome examples, the user 5 may be listening to music or a program and theplayback audio data x_(r)(t) may include the music or other output audio(e.g., talk-radio, audio corresponding to a broadcast, text-to-speechoutput, etc.). However, the disclosure is not limited thereto and inother examples the user 5 may be involved in a communication session(e.g., conversation between the user 5 and a remote user local to theremote device) and the playback audio data x_(r)(t) may include remotespeech originating at the remote device. In both examples, the device110 may generate output audio corresponding to the playback audio datax_(r)(t) using the one or more loudspeaker(s) 114. While generating theoutput audio, the device 110 may capture microphone audio data x_(m)(t)(e.g., input audio data) using the microphones 112. In addition tocapturing desired speech (e.g., the microphone audio data includes arepresentation of local speech from a user 5), the device 110 maycapture a portion of the output audio generated by the loudspeaker(s)114 (including a portion of the music and/or remote speech), which maybe referred to as an “echo” or echo signal, along with additionalacoustic noise (e.g., undesired speech, ambient acoustic noise in anenvironment around the device 110, etc.), as discussed in greater detailbelow.

In some examples, the microphone audio data x_(m)(t) may include a voicecommand directed to a remote system, which may be indicated by a keyword(e.g., wakeword). For example, the device 110 detect that the wakewordis represented in the microphone audio data x_(m)(t) and may send themicrophone audio data x_(m)(t) to the remote system. Thus, the remotesystem may determine a voice command represented in the microphone audiodata x_(m)(t) and may perform an action corresponding to the voicecommand (e.g., execute a command, send an instruction to the device 110and/or other devices to execute the command, etc.). In some examples, todetermine the voice command the remote system may perform AutomaticSpeech Recognition (ASR) processing, Natural Language Understanding(NLU) processing and/or command processing. The voice commands maycontrol the device 110, audio devices (e.g., play music overloudspeaker(s) 114, capture audio using microphones 112, or the like),multimedia devices (e.g., play videos using a display, such as atelevision, computer, tablet or the like), smart home devices (e.g.,change temperature controls, turn on/off lights, lock/unlock doors,etc.) or the like.

Additionally or alternatively, in some examples the device 110 may sendthe microphone audio data x_(m)(t) to the remote device as part of aVoice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) communication session or the like.For example, the device 110 may send the microphone audio data x_(m)(t)to the remote device either directly or via remote system and mayreceive the playback audio data x_(r)(t) from the remote device eitherdirectly or via the remote system. During the communication session, thedevice 110 may also detect the keyword (e.g., wakeword) represented inthe microphone audio data x_(m)(t) and send a portion of the microphoneaudio data x_(m)(t) to the remote system in order for the remote systemto determine a voice command.

Prior to sending the microphone audio data x_(m)(t) to the remotedevice/remote system, the device 110 may perform audio processing toisolate local speech captured by the microphones 112 and/or to suppressunwanted audio data (e.g., echoes and/or noise). For example, the device110 may perform acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) to isolate speech orother desired input audio. Additionally or alternatively, the device 110may perform beamforming (e.g., operate microphones 112 using beamformingtechniques), adaptive interference cancellation (AIC), residual echosuppression (RES), and/or other audio processing without departing fromthe disclosure.

To improve a performance of echo cancellation and/or improve an audioquality of an output audio signal when energies of the reference signalsare asymmetric (e.g., dominant reference signal(s) overshadow weakreference signal(s)), the device 110 may use cascade echo cancellationprocessing to process the dominant reference signal(s) separately fromthe weak reference signal(s). For example, the device 110 may usecascaded echo canceller components to improve the performance of echocancellation when a second reference signal is noticeably weaker than afirst reference signal, enabling the echo canceller components toseparately adapt filter coefficients values. To illustrate an example, afirst echo canceller component may use the dominant reference signal andfirst filter coefficient values to process a microphone audio signal inorder to generate a residual audio signal, thus removing a first portionof echo corresponding to the dominant reference signal. The first echocanceller component may then use the residual audio signal to adapt thefirst filter coefficient values. Separately, a second echo cancellercomponent may use the weak reference signal and second filtercoefficient values to process the residual audio signal in order togenerate an output audio signal, thus removing a second portion of echocorresponding to the weak reference signal. The second echo cancellercomponent may then use the output audio signal to adapt the secondfilter coefficient values with more precision than if the device 110attempted to adapt both the first filter coefficient values and thesecond filter coefficient values simultaneously using a multi-channelecho canceller component.

The device 110 may receive reference audio signals corresponding to theplayback audio data. For example, the device 110 may receive fiveseparate channels corresponding to five loudspeakers 114 a-114 e,although the disclosure is not limited thereto. The device 110 may alsoreceive a microphone audio signal from a microphone 112 of the device110. For ease of illustration, the following description will refer tothe device 110 receiving a single microphone audio signal. However, thedisclosure is not limited thereto and the steps illustrated in FIG. 1may be applied to multiple microphone audio signals without departingfrom the disclosure.

As illustrated in FIG. 1 and described in greater detail below, thedevice 110 may determine (130) a first energy value for a firstreference signal within a selected frequency band, may determine (132) asecond energy value for a second reference signal within the selectedfrequency band, and determine (134) that a difference between the firstenergy value and the second energy value exceeds a difference thresholdvalue. For example, the device 110 may determine a first energy value(e.g., −40 dB) associated with a portion of a woofer audio signal thatis within a first frequency band (e.g., 125 Hz to 187.5 Hz), determine asecond energy value (e.g., −70 dB) associated with a portion of amidrange audio signal that is within the first frequency band, determinea difference between the first energy value and the second energy value(e.g., 30 dB), and determine that the difference exceeds the differencethreshold value (e.g., 10 dB). As a result of determining that thedifference exceeds the difference threshold value, the device 110 mayimplement cascade echo cancellation processing to separately adapt afirst plurality of filter coefficient values associated with the firstreference signal and a second plurality of filter coefficient valuesassociated with the second reference signal.

The device 110 may perform (136) first echo cancellation processing onthe microphone audio signal to generate a first estimated echo signaland a residual audio signal. For example, the device 110 may performfirst AEC processing by multiplying the first plurality of filtercoefficients values by the first reference audio signal (e.g., wooferaudio signal) to generate the first estimated echo signal. The firstestimated echo signal may correspond to an estimate of a first portionof the echo signal y(t) received by the microphone 112 that correspondsto first output audio generated by the first loudspeaker (e.g., woofer).The device 110 may then subtract the first estimated echo signal fromthe microphone audio signal to generate the residual audio signal. Thus,the first AEC processing may remove and/or reduce portions of the echosignal that correspond to the first output audio.

As part of performing the first AEC processing, the device 110 may adapt(138) the first plurality of filter coefficient values that areassociated with the first reference signal, as described in greaterdetail below with regard to FIGS. 3A-3B. For example, the device 110 mayuse the residual audio signal to update the first plurality of filtercoefficients in order to minimize an error signal (e.g., differencebetween the microphone audio signal and the reference audio signal).

The device 110 may perform (140) second echo cancellation processing onthe residual audio signal to generate a second estimated echo signal andan output audio signal. For example, the device 110 may perform secondAEC processing by multiplying the second plurality of filtercoefficients values by the second reference audio signal (e.g., midrangeaudio signal) to generate the second estimated echo signal. The secondestimated echo signal may correspond to an estimate of a second portionof the echo signal y(t) received by the microphone 112 that correspondsto second output audio generated by the second loudspeaker (e.g.,midrange). The device 110 may then subtract the second estimated echosignal from the residual audio signal to generate the output audiosignal. Thus, the second AEC processing may remove and/or reduceportions of the echo signal that correspond to the second output audio.

As part of performing the second AEC processing, the device 110 mayadapt (142) the second plurality of filter coefficient values that areassociated with the second reference signal, as described in greaterdetail below with regard to FIGS. 3A-3B. For example, the device 110 mayuse the output audio signal to update the second plurality of filtercoefficients in order to minimize an error signal (e.g., differencebetween the residual audio signal and the reference audio signal). Thus,the device 110 updates the first plurality of filter coefficient valuesseparately from the second plurality of filter coefficient values, whichimproves a performance of the echo cancellation processing as the secondreference signal is not overshadowed by the first reference signal.

While FIG. 1 illustrates a single example involving two referencesignals, the disclosure is not limited thereto and the device 110 mayperform these steps for three or more reference signals withoutdeparting from the disclosure. For example, instead of a single midrangeaudio signal, the device 110 may process multiple midrange audio signalsin parallel without departing from the disclosure. Additionally oralternatively, the device 110 may perform these steps for eachindividual frequency band and/or frequency range. For example, thedevice 110 may compare energy values for a first number (e.g., 512) ofindividual frequency bands and may group the reference audio signalsinto a second number (e.g., 7) of individual frequency ranges, asdescribed below with regard to FIGS. 4-5.

An audio signal is a representation of sound and an electronicrepresentation of an audio signal may be referred to as audio data,which may be analog and/or digital without departing from thedisclosure. For ease of illustration, the disclosure may refer to eitheraudio data (e.g., far-end reference audio data or playback audio data,microphone audio data, near-end reference data or input audio data,etc.) or audio signals (e.g., playback signal, far-end reference signal,microphone signal, near-end reference signal, etc.) interchangeablywithout departing from the disclosure. For example, some audio data maybe referred to as playback audio data x_(r)(t), microphone audio datax_(m)(t), error audio data m(t), output audio data r(t), and/or thelike. Additionally or alternatively, this audio data may be referred toas audio signals such as a playback signal x_(r)(t), microphone signalx_(m)(t), error signal m(t), output audio data r(t), and/or the likewithout departing from the disclosure.

Additionally or alternatively, portions of a signal may be referenced asa portion of the signal or as a separate signal and/or portions of audiodata may be referenced as a portion of the audio data or as separateaudio data. For example, a first audio signal may correspond to a firstperiod of time (e.g., 30 seconds) and a portion of the first audiosignal corresponding to a second period of time (e.g., 1 second) may bereferred to as a first portion of the first audio signal or as a secondaudio signal without departing from the disclosure. Similarly, firstaudio data may correspond to the first period of time (e.g., 30 seconds)and a portion of the first audio data corresponding to the second periodof time (e.g., 1 second) may be referred to as a first portion of thefirst audio data or second audio data without departing from thedisclosure. Audio signals and audio data may be used interchangeably, aswell; a first audio signal may correspond to the first period of time(e.g., 30 seconds) and a portion of the first audio signal correspondingto a second period of time (e.g., 1 second) may be referred to as firstaudio data without departing from the disclosure.

In some examples, audio data may be captured by the microphones 112 inthe time-domain. However, the device 110 may convert the audio data tothe frequency-domain or subband-domain in order to perform beamforming,acoustic echo cancellation (AEC) processing, and/or additional audioprocessing without departing from the disclosure.

As used herein, audio signals or audio data (e.g., far-end referenceaudio data, near-end reference audio data, microphone audio data, or thelike) may correspond to a specific range of frequency bands. Forexample, far-end reference audio data and/or near-end reference audiodata may correspond to a human hearing range (e.g., 20 Hz-20 kHz),although the disclosure is not limited thereto.

As used herein, a frequency band corresponds to a frequency range havinga starting frequency and an ending frequency. Thus, the total frequencyrange may be divided into a fixed number (e.g., 256, 512, etc.) offrequency ranges, with each frequency range referred to as a frequencyband and corresponding to a uniform size. However, the disclosure is notlimited thereto and the size of the frequency band may vary withoutdeparting from the disclosure.

Playback audio data x_(r)(t) (e.g., far-end reference signal)corresponds to audio data that will be output by the loudspeaker(s) 114to generate playback audio (e.g., echo signal y(t)). For example, thedevice 110 may stream music or output speech associated with acommunication session (e.g., audio or video telecommunication). In someexamples, the playback audio data may be referred to as far-endreference audio data, reference audio data, loudspeaker audio data,and/or the like without departing from the disclosure. For ease ofillustration, the following description will refer to this audio data asplayback audio data or reference audio data. As noted above, theplayback audio data may be referred to as playback signal(s) x_(r)(t)without departing from the disclosure.

Microphone audio data x_(m)(t) corresponds to audio data that iscaptured by one or more microphones 112 prior to the device 110performing audio processing such as AEC processing or beamforming. Themicrophone audio data x_(m)(t) may include local speech s(t) (e.g., anutterance, such as near-end speech generated by the user 5), an “echo”signal y(t) (e.g., portion of the playback audio x_(r)(t) captured bythe microphones 112), acoustic noise n(t) (e.g., ambient noise in anenvironment around the device 110), and/or the like. As the microphoneaudio data is captured by the microphones 112 and captures audio inputto the device 110, the microphone audio data may be referred to as inputaudio data, near-end audio data, and/or the like without departing fromthe disclosure. For ease of illustration, the following description willrefer to this signal as microphone audio data. As noted above, themicrophone audio data may be referred to as a microphone signal withoutdeparting from the disclosure.

An “echo” signal y(t) corresponds to a portion of the playback audiothat reaches the microphones 112 (e.g., portion of audible sound(s)output by the loudspeaker(s) 114 that is recaptured by the microphones112) and may be referred to as an echo or echo data y(t).

Isolated audio data corresponds to audio data after the device 110performs echo cancellation processing to isolate the local speech s(t).For example, isolated audio data corresponds to the microphone audiodata x_(m)(t) after subtracting the reference signal(s) (e.g., using AECprocessing). As noted above, the isolated audio data may be referred toas isolated audio signal(s) without departing from the disclosure, andone of skill in the art will recognize that audio data output by an AECcomponent may also be referred to as an error audio data e(t), errorsignal e(t) and/or the like.

FIGS. 2A-2C illustrate examples of frame indexes, tone indexes, andchannel indexes. As described above, the device 110 may generatemicrophone audio data x_(m)(t) using microphones 112. For example, afirst microphone 112 a may generate first microphone audio datax_(m1)(t) in a time domain, a second microphone 112 b may generatesecond microphone audio data x_(m2)(t) in the time domain, and so on. Asillustrated in FIG. 2A, a time domain signal may be represented asmicrophone audio data x(t) 210, which is comprised of a sequence ofindividual samples of audio data. Thus, x(t) denotes an individualsample that is associated with a time t.

While the microphone audio data x(t) 210 is comprised of a plurality ofsamples, in some examples the device 110 may group a plurality ofsamples and process them together. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the device110 may group a number of samples together in a frame to generatemicrophone audio data x(n) 212. As used herein, a variable x(n)corresponds to the time-domain signal and identifies an individual frame(e.g., fixed number of samples s) associated with a frame index n.

Additionally or alternatively, the device 110 may convert microphoneaudio data x(n) 212 from the time domain to the frequency domain orsubband domain. For example, the device 110 may perform Discrete FourierTransforms (DFTs) (e.g., Fast Fourier transforms (FFTs), short-timeFourier Transforms (STFTs), and/or the like) to generate microphoneaudio data X(n, k) 214 in the frequency domain or the subband domain. Asused herein, a variable X(n, k) corresponds to the frequency-domainsignal and identifies an individual frame associated with frame index nand tone index k. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the microphone audio datax(t) 212 corresponds to time indexes 216, whereas the microphone audiodata x(n) 212 and the microphone audio data X(n, k) 214 corresponds toframe indexes 218.

A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is a Fourier-related transform used todetermine the sinusoidal frequency and phase content of a signal, andperforming FFT produces a one-dimensional vector of complex numbers.This vector can be used to calculate a two-dimensional matrix offrequency magnitude versus frequency. In some examples, the system 100may perform FFT on individual frames of audio data and generate aone-dimensional and/or a two-dimensional matrix corresponding to themicrophone audio data X(n). However, the disclosure is not limitedthereto and the system 100 may instead perform short-time Fouriertransform (STFT) operations without departing from the disclosure. Ashort-time Fourier transform is a Fourier-related transform used todetermine the sinusoidal frequency and phase content of local sectionsof a signal as it changes over time.

Using a Fourier transform, a sound wave such as music or human speechcan be broken down into its component “tones” of different frequencies,each tone represented by a sine wave of a different amplitude and phase.Whereas a time-domain sound wave (e.g., a sinusoid) would ordinarily berepresented by the amplitude of the wave over time, a frequency domainrepresentation of that same waveform comprises a plurality of discreteamplitude values, where each amplitude value is for a different tone or“bin.” So, for example, if the sound wave consisted solely of a puresinusoidal 1 kHz tone, then the frequency domain representation wouldconsist of a discrete amplitude spike in the bin containing 1 kHz, withthe other bins at zero. In other words, each tone “k” is a frequencyindex (e.g., frequency bin).

FIG. 2A illustrates an example of time indexes 216 (e.g., microphoneaudio data x(t) 210) and frame indexes 218 (e.g., microphone audio datax(n) 212 in the time domain and microphone audio data X(n, k) 216 in thefrequency domain). For example, the system 100 may apply FFT processingto the time-domain microphone audio data x(n) 212, producing thefrequency-domain microphone audio data X(n,k) 214, where the tone index“k” (e.g., frequency index) ranges from 0 to K and “n” is a frame indexranging from 0 to N. As illustrated in FIG. 2A, the history of thevalues across iterations is provided by the frame index “n”, whichranges from 1 to N and represents a series of samples over time.

FIG. 2B illustrates an example of performing a K-point FFT on atime-domain signal. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, if a 256-point FFT isperformed on a 16 kHz time-domain signal, the output is 256 complexnumbers, where each complex number corresponds to a value at a frequencyin increments of 16 kHz/256, such that there is 125 Hz between points,with point 0 corresponding to 0 Hz and point 255 corresponding to 16kHz. As illustrated in FIG. 2B, each tone index 220 in the 256-point FFTcorresponds to a frequency range (e.g., subband) in the 16 kHztime-domain signal. While FIG. 72B illustrates the frequency range beingdivided into 256 different subbands (e.g., tone indexes), the disclosureis not limited thereto and the system 100 may divide the frequency rangeinto K different subbands (e.g., K indicates an FFT size). While FIG. 2Billustrates the tone index 220 being generated using a Fast FourierTransform (FFT), the disclosure is not limited thereto. Instead, thetone index 220 may be generated using Short-Time Fourier Transform(STFT), generalized Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) and/or othertransforms known to one of skill in the art (e.g., discrete cosinetransform, non-uniform filter bank, etc.).

The system 100 may include multiple microphones 112, with a firstchannel m corresponding to a first microphone 112 a, a second channel(m+1) corresponding to a second microphone 112 b, and so on until afinal channel (MP) that corresponds to microphone 112M. FIG. 2Cillustrates channel indexes 230 including a plurality of channels fromchannel m1 to channel M. While many drawings illustrate two channels(e.g., two microphones 112), the disclosure is not limited thereto andthe number of channels may vary. For the purposes of discussion, anexample of system 100 includes “M” microphones 112 (M>1) for hands freenear-end/far-end distant speech recognition applications.

While FIGS. 2A-2C are described with reference to the microphone audiodata x_(m)(t), the disclosure is not limited thereto and the sametechniques apply to the playback audio data x_(r)(t) without departingfrom the disclosure. Thus, playback audio data x_(r)(t) indicates aspecific time index t from a series of samples in the time-domain,playback audio data x_(r)(n) indicates a specific frame index n fromseries of frames in the time-domain, and playback audio data X_(r)(n, k)indicates a specific frame index n and frequency index k from a seriesof frames in the frequency-domain.

Prior to converting the microphone audio data x_(m)(n) and the playbackaudio data x_(r)(n) to the frequency-domain, the device 110 may firstperform time-alignment to align the playback audio data x_(r)(n) withthe microphone audio data x_(m)(n). For example, due to nonlinearitiesand variable delays associated with sending the playback audio datax_(r)(n) to the loudspeaker(s) 114 using a wireless connection, theplayback audio data x_(r)(n) is not synchronized with the microphoneaudio data x_(m)(n). This lack of synchronization may be due to apropagation delay (e.g., fixed time delay) between the playback audiodata x_(r)(n) and the microphone audio data x_(m)(n), clock jitterand/or clock skew (e.g., difference in sampling frequencies between thedevice 110 and the loudspeaker(s) 114), dropped packets (e.g., missingsamples), and/or other variable delays.

To perform the time alignment, the device 110 may adjust the playbackaudio data x_(r)(n) to match the microphone audio data x_(m)(n). Forexample, the device 110 may adjust an offset between the playback audiodata x_(r)(n) and the microphone audio data x_(m)(n) (e.g., adjust forpropagation delay), may add/subtract samples and/or frames from theplayback audio data x_(r)(n) (e.g., adjust for drift), and/or the like.In some examples, the device 110 may modify both the microphone audiodata and the playback audio data in order to synchronize the microphoneaudio data and the playback audio data. However, performing nonlinearmodifications to the microphone audio data results in first microphoneaudio data associated with a first microphone to no longer besynchronized with second microphone audio data associated with a secondmicrophone. Thus, the device 110 may instead modify only the playbackaudio data so that the playback audio data is synchronized with thefirst microphone audio data.

FIGS. 3A-3B illustrate examples of parallel echo cancellation andcascade echo cancellation according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 3A, parallel echo cancellation 300 isa single-stage process performed by a first acoustic echo canceller(AEC) component 320. For example, the first AEC component 320 mayperform echo cancellation using multiple reference signals and performfilter adaptation processing to update (e.g., adapt) a plurality offilter coefficient values corresponding to the multiple referencesignals at the same time.

In contrast, FIG. 3B illustrates that cascade echo cancellation 305 is amulti-stage process performed by the first AEC component 320 and atleast a second AEC components 340. For example, the first AEC component320 may perform first echo cancellation processing using a firstreference signal and perform first filter adaptation processing toupdate a first plurality of filter coefficient values corresponding tothe first reference signal, while the second AEC component 340 mayperform second echo cancellation processing using a second referencesignal and perform second filter adaptation processing to update asecond plurality of filter coefficient values corresponding to thesecond reference signal. Thus, the first AEC component 320 updates thefirst plurality of filter coefficient values separately from the secondAEC component 340 updating the second plurality of filter coefficientvalues.

Using the cascade echo cancellation 305 may improve a performance of thedevice 110 and/or improve an audio quality of an output audio signalwhen energies of the reference signals are asymmetric (e.g., dominantreference signals overshadow weak reference signals). For example, thecascade echo cancellation 305 illustrated in FIG. 3B improves theperformance of the device when the second reference signal is noticeablyweaker than the first reference signal, as the second AEC component 340operates on the residual audio signal generated by the first AECcomponent 320 after removing a first echo signal corresponding to thefirst reference signal. This enables the second AEC component 340 toperform filter adaptation of the second plurality of filter coefficientvalues using isolated error data that is not overshadowed by the firstecho signal.

For ease of illustration, FIGS. 3A-3B do not distinguish betweensingle-channel AEC components and multi-channel AEC (MCAEC) components,referring to echo cancellation components as AEC components regardlessof the number of reference signals. For example, the first AEC component320 is illustrated in FIG. 3A as including multiple reference signals,in which case one of skill in the art may refer to the first AECcomponent 320 as a MCAEC component, while the first AEC component 320 isillustrated in FIG. 3B as only including a single reference signal. Aseach stage of the cascade echo cancellation 305 may include one or morereference signals, the first AEC component 320 and/or the second AECcomponent 340 may include a single reference signal or multiplereference signals without departing from the disclosure. For example,the device 110 may determine a number of stages (e.g., single-stagecanceller, double-stage canceller, triple-stage canceller, etc.) andselect a number of reference signals to associate with each stageindependently for each individual frequency range without departing fromthe disclosure.

As illustrated in FIG. 3A, the first AEC component 320 may receivereference audio data x_(r)(t) 310 comprising two different referencesignals (e.g., first reference Ref1 x₁(t) and second reference Ref2x₂(t)), although the disclosure is not limited thereto and the first AECcomponent 320 may receive any number of reference signals withoutdeparting from the disclosure. The first AEC component 320 may generatefirst estimated echo audio data y₁(t) 325 corresponding to an estimateof a first echo signal received by the microphone(s) 112. For example,the first AEC component 320 may include AEC adaptive filter coefficientsand may perform adaptation processing to update (e.g., adapt) the AECfilter coefficient values. The first AEC component 320 may include oneAEC filter coefficient value for each reference signal and eachfrequency band co, although the disclosure is not limited thereto. Forexample, if the device 110 converts from the time domain to thefrequency domain using 256 different frequency bands, the first AECcomponent 320 may include 512 AEC filter coefficient values, althoughthe disclosure is not limited thereto.

Using the AEC filter coefficient values, the first AEC component 320 maygenerate the first estimated echo audio data 325 by multiplying eachindividual AEC filter coefficient value by a corresponding portion of arespective reference signal. For example, a first AEC filter coefficientvalue may be associated with a first portion of the first referencesignal Ref1 x₁(t) that is within a first frequency band ω₁, a second AECfilter coefficient value may be associated with a second portion of thefirst reference signal Ref1 x₁(t) that is within a second frequency bandω₂, a third AEC filter coefficient value may be associated with a firstportion of the second reference signal Ref2 x₂(t) that is within thefirst frequency band ω₁, and so on.

An individual microphone 112 may generate microphone audio data x_(m)(t)315 and a canceler component 330 may subtract the first estimated echoaudio data y_(r)(t) 325 from the microphone audio data x_(m)(t) 315 togenerate residual audio data r(t) 335. Thus, the device 110 may performecho cancellation to remove the estimated echo from the microphone audiodata 315 and generate the residual audio data r(t) 335. While FIG. 3Aillustrates the canceler component 330 separate from the first AECcomponent 320, the disclosure is not limited thereto and the first AECcomponent 320 may include the canceler component 330 without departingfrom the disclosure. The first AEC component 320 may then use theresidual audio data 335 to perform adaptation processing to update theAEC filter coefficient values corresponding to both the first referenceRef1 x₁(t) and second reference Ref2 x₂(t).

As illustrated in FIG. 3B, during cascade echo cancellation 305 thefirst AEC component 320 may receive a first portion of the referenceaudio data x_(r)(t) 310 (e.g., first reference Ref1 x₁(t)) and mayperform echo cancellation as described above to generate the residualaudio data 335. For example, the first AEC component 320 may generatethe first estimated echo audio data y₁(t) using a first plurality offilter coefficient values that correspond to the first reference Ref1x₁(t). Thus, the first AEC component 320 may use the residual audio data335 to perform adaptation processing to update only the first pluralityof filter coefficient values.

In addition, the second AEC component 340 may receive a second portionof the reference audio data x_(r)(t) 310 (e.g., second reference Ref2x₂(t)) and may perform echo cancellation to generate output audio data355. Thus, the second AEC component 340 may generate second estimatedecho audio data y₂(t) 345 corresponding to an estimate of a second echosignal received by the microphone(s) 112. For example, the second AECcomponent 340 may generate the second estimated echo audio data y₂(t)using a second plurality of filter coefficient values that correspond tothe second reference Ref2 x₂(t).

Using the second plurality of filter coefficient values, the second AECcomponent 340 may generate the second estimated echo audio data 345 bymultiplying each individual filter coefficient value by a correspondingportion of the second reference Ref2 x₂(t). For example, a first AECfilter coefficient value may be associated with a first portion of thesecond reference signal that is within a first frequency band ω₁, asecond AEC filter coefficient value may be associated with a secondportion of the second reference signal that is within a second frequencyband ω₂, and so on.

A canceler component 350 may subtract the second estimated echo audiodata y₂(t) 345 from the residual audio data r(t) 335 to generate theoutput audio data e(t) 355. Thus, the device 110 may perform echocancellation to remove the second echo signal from the residual audiodata r(t) 335 and generate the output audio data 355. While FIG. 3Billustrates the canceler component 350 separate from the second AECcomponent 340, the disclosure is not limited thereto and the second AECcomponent 340 may include the canceler component 350 without departingfrom the disclosure.

The second AEC component 320 may use the output audio data e(t) 355 toperform adaptation processing to update the second plurality of filtercoefficient values. By separating the echo cancellation into two stages,the first AEC component 320 may adapt the first plurality of filtercoefficient values separately from the second AEC component 340 adaptingthe second plurality of filter coefficient values, improving an audioquality of the output audio data e(t) 355.

FIG. 4 illustrates example reference audio signals according toembodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 4, aplayback chart 400 represents a plurality of reference signals over afrequency range from 3 Hz to 20 kHz. For example, the playback chart 400includes a woofer signal 410, three midrange signals 420, and a tweetersignal 430.

The woofer signal 410 is a first reference signal that may correspond toa first loudspeaker configured to output audio in a woofer frequencyrange. For example, the woofer frequency range may extend from 20 Hz to700 Hz or so, with strong energy values between 20 Hz and 400 Hz, weakenergy values below 20 Hz and between 400 Hz and 700 Hz, and very weakenergy values in frequency ranges higher than 700 Hz. However, thesefrequency ranges are provided to conceptually illustrate an exampleimplementation and the disclosure is not limited thereto. Instead, thewoofer frequency range may vary without departing from the disclosure.

The three midrange signals 420 may include a second reference signalthat may correspond to a second loudspeaker configured to output audioin a midrange frequency range, a third reference signal that maycorrespond to a third loudspeaker configured to output audio in themidrange frequency range, and a fourth reference signal that maycorrespond to a fourth loudspeaker configured to output audio in themidrange frequency range. For example, the midrange frequency range mayextend from 100 Hz to 20 kHz, with strong energy values between 200 Hzand 10 kHz, weak energy values between 100 Hz and 200 Hz and between 10kHz and 20 kHz, and very weak energy values in frequency ranges lowerthan 100 Hz or higher than 20 kHz. However, these frequency ranges areprovided to conceptually illustrate an example implementation and thedisclosure is not limited thereto. Instead, the midrange frequency rangemay vary without departing from the disclosure.

The tweeter signal 430 is a fifth reference signal that may correspondto a fifth loudspeaker configured to output audio in a tweeter frequencyrange. For example, the tweeter frequency range may extend from 1500 Hzto 20 kHz, with strong energy values between 2500 Hz and 10 kHz, weakenergy values between 1500 Hz and 2500 Hz and between 10 kHz and 20 kHz,and very weak energy values in frequency ranges lower than 1500 Hz orhigher than 20 kHz. However, these frequency ranges are provided toconceptually illustrate an example implementation and the disclosure isnot limited thereto. Instead, the tweeter frequency range may varywithout departing from the disclosure.

The playback chart 400 represents a magnitude of energy values for eachof the reference audio signals at different frequencies. Thus, thehorizontal axis (e.g., x axis) indicates a frequency in Hertz (Hz),while the vertical axis (e.g., y axis) indicates a correspondingmagnitude in decibels (dB). By comparing energy values associated withthe reference audio signals within different frequency ranges, thedevice 110 may group the reference audio signals based on relativemagnitude and determine whether to perform parallel echo cancellation300 or cascade echo cancellation 305 for individual frequency ranges.

To illustrate an example, the device 110 may determine that the woofersignal 410 has very strong energy values relative to the midrangesignals 420 and the tweeter signal 430 between 20 Hz and 100 Hz. Forexample, the woofer signal 410 is above −60 dB throughout this frequencyrange, whereas the midrange signals 420 are between −80 and −100 dB andthe tweeter signal 430 is below −120 dB. Thus, the device 110 mayseparate the woofer signal 410 from the other reference audio signalswithin this frequency range.

In some examples, the device 110 may determine a first energy value(e.g., −50 dB) associated with a portion of the woofer signal 410 withina first frequency range (e.g., 20 Hz to 100 Hz), determine a secondenergy value (e.g., −90 dB) associated with a portion of the midrangesignals 420 within the first frequency range, and determine a firstdifference between the first energy value and the second energy value.Within the first frequency range, the device 110 may determine that thefirst difference exceeds a threshold difference value (e.g., 10 dB,although the disclosure is not limited thereto) and separate the woofersignal 410 from the midrange signals 420. In addition, the device 110may determine a third energy value (e.g., −120 dB) associated with aportion of the tweeter signals 430 within the first frequency range anddetermine a second difference between the second energy value and thethird energy value. Within the first frequency range, the device 110 maydetermine that the second difference exceeds the threshold differencevalue and separate the midrange signals 420 from the tweeter signal 430.Thus, the device 110 may group the reference audio signals into threeseparate groups within the first frequency range. The device 110 mayprocess each group of reference audio signals in parallel, whileprocessing the distinct groups using a cascade configuration. Forexample, a first stage may perform echo cancellation on the woofersignal 410, a second stage may perform echo cancellation on the midrangesignals 420 in parallel, and a third stage may perform echo cancellationon the tweeter signal 430.

In addition to grouping the reference audio signals, the device 110 maydetermine whether to ignore some of the reference audio signals due tothe energy values being below a minimum threshold value. For example,the device 110 may determine that the second energy value and the thirdenergy value are below a first minimum threshold value (e.g., −70 dB)and therefore ignore the midrange signals 420 and the tweeter signal 430within the first frequency range. In some examples, the minimumthreshold value may vary based on frequency and/or the reference audiosignal without departing from the disclosure. For example, the device110 may use the first minimum threshold value for the first frequencyrange and use a second minimum threshold value (e.g., −100 dB) for asecond frequency range. Additionally or alternatively, the device 110may use the first minimum threshold value for the midrange signals 420and use the second minimum threshold value for the tweeter signal 430.

FIG. 5 illustrates examples of relative energy values within differentfrequency ranges according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Asillustrated in FIG. 5, the device 110 may process the playback chart 410to group the reference audio signals and determine an echo cancellationconfiguration within individual frequency ranges. For example, thedevice 110 may generate configuration data 500 indicating whichreference signals to use during echo cancellation within each frequencyrange as well as whether to use a parallel or cascade configuration.Depending on the energy values associated with an individual frequencyrange, the device 110 may perform echo cancellation using a singlereference signal, using multiple reference signals in a single stage,and/or may using multiple reference signals in two or more stages usinga cascade configuration.

As illustrated in FIG. 5, the device 110 may determine that the woofer510 corresponds to a woofer frequency range 515 between 20 Hz and 700Hz. For example, the woofer 510 is dominant between 20 Hz and 250 Hz(e.g., a first stage processes only the woofer 510), is co-dominant withthe midrange 520 between 250 Hz and 500 Hz (e.g., the first stageprocesses the woofer 510 and the midrange 520 in parallel), is dominatedby the midrange 520 between 500 Hz and 700 Hz (e.g., the first stageprocesses the midrange 520 and a second stage processes the woofer 510),and can be ignored above 700 Hz (e.g., the device 110 does not performecho cancellation on the woofer 510).

The device 110 may determine that the midrange 520 corresponds to amidrange frequency range 525 between 100 Hz and 20 kHz. For example, themidrange 520 can be ignored below 100 Hz (e.g., the device 110 does notperform echo cancellation on the midrange 520), is dominated by thewoofer 510 between 100 Hz and 250 Hz (e.g., the first stage processesthe woofer 510 and the second stage processes the midrange 520), isco-dominant with the woofer 510 between 250 Hz and 500 Hz (e.g., thefirst stage processes the woofer 510 and the midrange 520 in parallel),is dominant between 500 Hz and 2500 Hz (e.g., the first stage processesonly the midrange 510), and is co-dominant with tweeter 530 between 2500Hz and 20 kHz (e.g., the first stage processes the midrange 520 and thetweeter 530 in parallel).

The device 110 may determine that the tweeter 530 corresponds to atweeter frequency range 535 between 1500 Hz and 20 kHz. For example, thetweeter 530 can be ignored below 1500 Hz (e.g., the device 110 does notperform echo cancellation on the tweeter 530), is dominated by themidrange 520 between 1500 Hz and 2500 Hz (e.g., the first stageprocesses the midrange 520 and the second stage processes the tweeter530), and is co-dominant with the midrange 520 between 2500 Hz and 20kHz (e.g., the first stage processes the midrange 520 and the tweeter530 in parallel).

While FIG. 5 illustrates examples of grouping the reference audiosignals and determining an echo cancellation configuration forindividual frequency ranges, this is intended to conceptually illustratethe concept and the disclosure is not limited thereto. Instead, thefrequency ranges, the groupings, and/or the configurations may varywithout departing from the disclosure.

In some examples, the device 110 may dynamically determine how to groupthe reference audio signals and/or the echo cancellation configurationduring run-time (e.g., while generating output audio). For example, thedevice 110 may perform the steps described above based on currentreference audio signals being sent to the loudspeakers 114 to determinehow to group the reference audio signals and/or the echo cancellationconfiguration for individual frequency ranges. However, the disclosureis not limited thereto, and in other examples the device 110 may storeconfiguration data indicating how to group the reference audio signalsand/or the echo cancellation configuration corresponding to individualfrequency ranges without departing from the disclosure. Thus, the device110 may store a fixed configuration and process the reference audiosignals within individual frequency ranges using the fixedconfiguration, regardless of the relative energy values associated withthe reference audio signals.

FIGS. 6A-6B illustrate examples of echo cancellation configurationswithin different frequency ranges according to embodiments of thepresent disclosure. Based on the playback chart 400, the device 110 maygenerate the configuration data 500 described above, and may use theconfiguration data 500 to determine the echo cancellation configurationsfor each individual frequency range.

FIG. 6A illustrates examples of the echo cancellation configurationswithin each frequency range based on the configuration data 500. Forexample, the configuration data 500 may generate seven distinctconfigurations, with a first configuration 610 corresponding to a firstfrequency range between 20 Hz and 100 Hz, a second configuration 620corresponding to a second frequency range between 100 Hz and 250 Hz, athird configuration 630 corresponding to a third frequency range between250 Hz and 500 Hz, a fourth configuration 640 corresponding to a fourthfrequency range between 500 Hz and 700 Hz, a fifth configuration 650corresponding to a fifth frequency range between 700 Hz and 1500 Hz, asixth configuration 660 corresponding to a sixth frequency range between1500 Hz and 2500 Hz, and a seventh configuration 670 corresponding to aseventh frequency range between 2500 Hz and 8000 Hz. In some examples,the seventh frequency range may extend to a higher frequency, such as 20kHz, although the disclosure is not limited thereto and the device 110may generate an eighth configuration (not illustrated) corresponding toan eighth frequency range above 8000 Hz. While the examples describedabove refer to specific frequency ranges, this is intended toconceptually illustrate a single example and the disclosure is notlimited thereto. Instead, the number of configurations (e.g., distinctfrequency ranges) and/or the specific frequency ranges (e.g., lowervalue and upper value for an individual frequency range) may varywithout departing from the disclosure.

As illustrated in FIG. 6A, the first configuration 610 (e.g., firstfrequency range between 20 Hz and 100 Hz) may correspond to a single AECcomponent that performs echo cancellation using the woofer signal (e.g.,single stage). For example, the midrange signals and a tweeter signal606 may be below a minimum threshold value and can be ignored.

As illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B, the second configuration 620 (e.g.,second frequency range between 100 Hz and 250 Hz) may correspond to acascade configuration including a first AEC component 622 that performsfirst echo cancellation processing using the woofer signal 602 (e.g.,first stage) and a second AEC component 624 (e.g., MCAEC) that performssecond echo cancellation processing using the midrange signals 604 inparallel (e.g., second stage). For example, the midrange signals 604 maybe significant (e.g., higher than the minimum threshold value) but muchweaker than the woofer signal 602 (e.g., difference between energyvalues above a difference value threshold), so the device 110 may usethe cascade configuration to improve echo cancellation associated withthe midrange signals 604.

As illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B, the third configuration 630 (e.g., thirdfrequency range between 250 Hz and 500 Hz) may correspond to a singleAEC component 632 (e.g., MCAEC) that performs echo cancellation usingthe woofer signal 602 and the midrange signals 604 in parallel (e.g.,single stage). For example, the woofer signal 602 and the midrangesignals 604 may be similar (e.g., difference between energy values belowthe difference value threshold), while the tweeter signal 606 is stillbelow the minimum threshold value and can be ignored.

As illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B, the fourth configuration 640 (e.g.,fourth frequency range between 500 Hz and 700 Hz) may correspond to acascade configuration including a first AEC component 642 (e.g., MCAEC)that performs first echo cancellation processing using the midrangesignals 604 in parallel (e.g., first stage) and a second AEC component644 that performs second echo cancellation processing using the woofersignal 602 (e.g., second stage). For example, the woofer signal 602 maybe significant (e.g., energy value above the minimum threshold value)but noticeably lower than the midrange signals 604 (e.g., differencebetween energy values above the difference threshold value). Thus, thedevice 110 may use the cascade configuration to improve echocancellation associated with the woofer signal 602.

As illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B, the fifth configuration 650 (e.g., fifthfrequency range between 700 Hz and 1500 Hz) may correspond to a singleAEC component 652 (e.g., MCAEC) that performs echo cancellation usingthe midrange signals 604 in parallel (e.g., single stage). For example,the woofer signal 602 and the tweeter signal 606 may be below theminimum threshold value and can be ignored.

As illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B, the sixth configuration 660 (e.g., sixthfrequency range between 1500 Hz and 2500 Hz) may correspond to a cascadeconfiguration including a first AEC component 662 (e.g., MCAEC) thatperforms first echo cancellation processing using the midrange signals604 in parallel (e.g., first stage) and a second AEC component 664 thatperforms second echo cancellation processing using the tweeter signal606 (e.g., second stage). For example, the tweeter signal 606 may besignificant (e.g., energy value above the minimum threshold value) butnoticeably lower than the midrange signals 604 (e.g., difference betweenenergy values above the difference threshold value). Thus, the device110 may use the cascade configuration to improve echo cancellationassociated with the tweeter signal 606.

As illustrated in FIGS. 6A-6B, the seventh configuration 670 (e.g.,seventh frequency range between 2500 Hz and 8000 Hz) may correspond to asingle AEC component 672 (e.g., MCAEC) that performs echo cancellationusing the midrange signals 604 and the tweeter signal 606 in parallel(e.g., single stage). For example, the midrange signals 604 and thetweeter signal 606 may similar (e.g., difference between energy valuesbelow the difference value threshold), while the woofer signal 602 isbelow the minimum threshold value and can be ignored.

FIG. 7 illustrates examples of double cascade echo cancellationaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure. While the examplesillustrated in FIGS. 4-6B correspond to a two-stage cascadeconfiguration, the disclosure is not limited thereto. Instead, thedevice 110 may determine that the reference signals correspond to threedistinct groups and may generate a three-stage cascade configurationwithout departing from the disclosure.

As illustrated in FIG. 7, double cascade echo cancellation processing700 may include the first AEC component 320 and the second AEC component340 described above with regard to FIG. 3B. As these components aredescribed above with regard to FIGS. 3A-3B, a duplicate description isomitted. As illustrated in FIG. 7, the first AEC component 320 mayperform first echo cancellation using a first reference Ref1 x₁(t) ofreference audio data 710. For example, the first AEC component 320 mayuse a first plurality of filter coefficient values to generate firstestimated echo audio data 325 and the canceler 330 may subtract thefirst estimated echo audio data 325 from the microphone audio data 315to generate first residual audio data 335. The first AEC component 320may then use the first residual audio data 335 to perform adaptationprocessing on the first plurality of filter coefficient values.

The second AEC component 340 may perform second echo cancellation usinga second reference Ref2 x₂(t) of the reference audio data 710. Forexample, the second AEC component 340 may use a second plurality offilter coefficient values to generate second estimated echo audio data345 and the canceler 350 may subtract the second estimated echo audiodata 345 from the first residual audio data 335 to generate secondresidual audio data 755. The second AEC component 340 may then use thesecond residual audio data 755 to perform adaptation processing on thesecond plurality of filter coefficient values.

A third AEC component 760 may perform third echo cancellation using athird reference Ref3 x₃(t) of the reference audio data 710. For example,the third AEC component 760 may use a third plurality of filtercoefficient values to generate third estimated echo audio data 765 and acanceler 770 may subtract the third estimated echo audio data 765 fromthe second residual audio data 755 to generate output audio data 775.The third AEC component 760 may then use the output audio data 775 toperform adaptation processing on the third plurality of filtercoefficient values.

FIG. 8 illustrates examples of relative energy values within differentfrequency ranges according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Toillustrate a double cascade configuration, FIG. 8 illustrates an examplethat includes an additional reference signal corresponding to amidwoofer (e.g., loudspeaker configured to generate output audio in amidwoofer frequency range). The disclosure is not limited thereto, andthe device 110 may distinguish between the midrange signals and/orinclude additional reference signals without departing from thedisclosure.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, the device 110 may group the reference audiosignals and determine an echo cancellation configuration withinindividual frequency ranges. For example, the device 110 may generateconfiguration data 800 indicating which reference signals to use duringecho cancellation within each frequency range as well as whether to usea parallel or cascade configuration. Depending on the energy valuesassociated with an individual frequency range, the device 110 mayperform echo cancellation using a single reference signal, usingmultiple reference signals in a single stage, using two referencesignals in two stages using a cascade configuration, and/or using threereference signals in three stages using a double cascade configuration.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, the device 110 may determine that the woofer810 corresponds to a woofer frequency range 815 between 20 Hz and 700Hz. For example, the woofer 810 is dominant between 20 Hz and 250 Hz(e.g., a first stage processes only the woofer 810), is co-dominant withthe midrange 830 between 250 Hz and 500 Hz (e.g., the first stageprocesses the woofer 810 and the midrange 830 in parallel), is dominatedby the midrange 830 between 500 Hz and 700 Hz (e.g., the first stageprocesses the midrange 830 and a second stage processes the woofer 810),and can be ignored above 700 Hz (e.g., the device 110 does not performecho cancellation on the woofer 810).

As illustrated in FIG. 8, the device 110 may determine that the woofer810 corresponds to a woofer frequency range between 20 Hz and 700 Hz.For example, the woofer 810 is dominant in a single stage configurationbetween 20 Hz and 250 Hz (e.g., a first stage processes only the woofer810), is dominant in a three stage configuration between 250 Hz and 500Hz (e.g., a first stage processes only the woofer 810, a second stageprocesses the midwoofer 820, and a third stage processes the midrange830), is dominated by the midwoofer 820 and the midrange 830 in a twostage configuration between 500 Hz and 700 Hz (e.g., a first stageprocesses the midwoofer 820 and the midrange 830 in parallel and asecond stage processes the woofer 810), and can be ignored above 700 Hz(e.g., the device 110 does not perform echo cancellation on the woofer810).

The device 110 may determine that the midwoofer 820 corresponds to amidwoofer frequency range between 250 Hz and 5000 Hz. For example, themidwoofer 820 can be ignored below 250 Hz (e.g., the device 110 does notperform echo cancellation on the midwoofer 820), is dominated by thewoofer 810 in a three stage configuration between 250 Hz and 500 Hz(e.g., a first stage processes the woofer 810, a second stage processesthe midwoofer 820, and a third stage processes the midrange 830), isco-dominant with the midrange 830 in a two stage configuration between500 Hz and 700 Hz (e.g., a first stage processes the midwoofer 820 andthe midrange 830 in parallel while a second stage processes the woofer810), is co-dominant with the midrange 830 in a single stageconfiguration between 700 Hz and 1500 Hz (e.g., a first stage processesthe midwoofer 820 and the midrange 830 in parallel), is co-dominant withthe midrange 830 in a two stage configuration between 1500 Hz and 2000Hz (e.g., a first stage processes the midwoofer 820 and the midrange 830in parallel, a second stage processes the tweeter 840), is dominated bythe midrange 830 in a three stage configuration between 2000 Hz and 2500Hz (e.g., a first stage processes the midrange 830, a second stageprocesses the midwoofer 820, and a third stage processes the tweeter840), is dominated by the midrange 830 and the tweeter 840 in a twostage configuration between 2500 Hz and 5000 Hz (e.g., a first stageprocesses the midrange 830 and the tweeter 840 in parallel while asecond stage processes the midwoofer 820), and can be ignored above 5000Hz (e.g., the device 110 does not perform echo cancellation on themidwoofer 820).

The device 110 may determine that the midrange 830 corresponds to amidrange frequency range between 250 Hz and 20 kHz. For example, themidrange 830 can be ignored below 250 Hz (e.g., the device 110 does notperform echo cancellation on the midrange 830), is dominated by thewoofer 810 and the midwoofer 820 in a three stage configuration between250 Hz and 500 Hz (e.g., a first stage processes the woofer 810, asecond stage processes the midwoofer 820, and a third stage processesthe midrange 830), is co-dominant with the midwoofer 820 in a two stageconfiguration between 500 Hz and 700 Hz (e.g., a first stage processesthe midwoofer 820 and the midrange 830 in parallel while a second stageprocesses the woofer 810), is co-dominant with the midwoofer 820 in asingle stage configuration between 700 Hz and 1500 Hz (e.g., a firststage processes the midwoofer 820 and the midrange 830 in parallel), isco-dominant with the midwoofer 820 in a two stage configuration between1500 Hz and 2000 Hz (e.g., a first stage processes the midwoofer 820 andthe midrange 830 in parallel, a second stage processes the tweeter 840),is dominant in a three stage configuration between 2000 Hz and 2500 Hz(e.g., a first stage processes the midrange 830, a second stageprocesses the midwoofer 820, and a third stage processes the tweeter840), is co-dominant with the tweeter 840 in a two stage configurationbetween 2500 Hz and 5000 Hz (e.g., a first stage processes the midrange830 and the tweeter 840 in parallel while a second stage processes themidwoofer 820), and is co-dominant with the tweeter 840 in a singlestage configuration between 5000 Hz and 20 kHz (e.g., a first stageprocesses the midrange 830 and the tweeter 840 in parallel).

The device 110 may determine that the tweeter 840 corresponds to atweeter frequency range between 1500 Hz and 20 kHz. For example, thetweeter 840 can be ignored below 1500 Hz (e.g., the device 110 does notperform echo cancellation on the tweeter 840), is dominated by themidwoofer 820 and the midrange 830 in a two stage configuration between1500 Hz and 2000 Hz (e.g., a first stage processes the midwoofer 820 andthe midrange 830) and a second stage processes the tweeter 840), isdominated by the midwoofer 820 and the midrange 830 in a three stageconfiguration between 2000 Hz and 2500 Hz (e.g., a first stage processesthe midrange 830, a second stage processes the midwoofer 820, and athird stage processes the tweeter 840), is co-dominant with the midrange830 in a two stage configuration between 2500 Hz and 5000 Hz (e.g., afirst stage processes the midrange 830 and the tweeter 840 in parallelwhile a second stage processes the midwoofer 820), and is co-dominantwith the midrange 830 in a single stage configuration between 5000 Hzand 20 kHz (e.g., a first stage processes the midrange 830 and thetweeter 840 in parallel).

While FIG. 8 illustrates examples of grouping the reference audiosignals and determining an echo cancellation configuration forindividual frequency ranges, this is intended to conceptually illustratethe concept and the disclosure is not limited thereto. Instead, thefrequency ranges, the groupings, and/or the configurations may varywithout departing from the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming echo cancellation according to embodiments of the presentdisclosure. In some examples, the device 110 may use a fixedconfiguration for individual frequency bands, without regard to relativeenergy levels between the reference audio signals. For example, thedevice 110 may always apply single stage echo cancellation for thewoofer audio signal in a first frequency range (e.g., 20 Hz to 100 Hz),may always apply two-stage cascade echo cancellation for the wooferaudio signal and the midrange audio signals in a second frequency range(e.g., 100 Hz to 250 Hz), may always apply single-stage parallel echocancellation for the woofer audio signal and the midrange audio signalsin a third frequency range (e.g., 250 Hz to 500 Hz), and so on.

As illustrated in FIG. 9, the device 110 may retrieve (910) storedfrequency range configuration data, may select (912) a frequency bandand may identify (914) a frequency range configuration (e.g., frequencyrange configuration data) for the selected frequency band (e.g.,frequency range). For example, the device 110 may retrieve a lookuptable that includes frequency range configuration data for each of thefrequency bands and may apply individual frequency range configurationsto a corresponding frequency band. As used herein, the frequency rangeconfiguration may be represented by the frequency range configurationdata. For ease of illustration, these terms may be used interchangeablywithout departing from the disclosure.

The device 110 may determine (916), using the frequency rangeconfiguration for the selected frequency band, whether to use a cascadeconfiguration. When the frequency range configuration indicates that thedevice 110 should use a cascade configuration, the device 110 mayperform (918) echo cancellation using the cascade configuration. Whenthe frequency range configuration indicates that the device 110 shouldnot use a cascade configuration, the device 110 may perform (920) echocancellation using a parallel configuration. The device 110 may thendetermine (922) whether there is an additional frequency band, and ifso, may loop to step 912 and repeat steps 912-920 for the additionalfrequency band. If there isn't an additional frequency band, the device110 may generate (924) output audio data based on the output signalsgenerated while performing echo cancellation in steps 918-920.

While FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a the frequency rangeconfiguration indicating whether to perform echo cancellation using acascade configuration or a parallel configuration, the disclosure is notlimited thereto and the device 110 may perform echo cancellation usingadditional variations without departing from the disclosure. Forexample, the frequency range configuration data may indicate that thedevice 110 perform echo cancellation using a two-stage cascadeconfiguration, a three-stage cascade configuration, and/or the likewithout departing from the disclosure. Additionally or alternatively,the frequency range configuration data may indicate that the device 110perform echo cancellation using a parallel configuration for anyindividual stage of echo cancellation without departing from thedisclosure. For example, a two-stage cascade configuration may include asingle reference audio signal (e.g., woofer audio signal) in a firststage and may include multiple reference audio signals (e.g., multiplemidrange audio signals) in a second stage without departing from thedisclosure.

FIG. 10 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming cascaded echo cancellation using fixed configurationsaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated inFIG. 10, the device 110 may retrieve (1010) stored frequency rangeconfiguration data as described above with regard to FIG. 9. The device110 may select (1012) a frequency band, may identify (1014) a frequencyrange configuration for the selected frequency band, may determine(1016) reference signals for first stage echo cancellation, and mayperform (1018) first stage echo cancellation to generate residual audiodata. For example, the device 110 may determine that the selectedfrequency band corresponds to two-stage echo cancellation, may determinethat the first stage performs echo cancellation using a single referencesignal (e.g., woofer signal), and may perform the first stage echocancellation to remove the woofer signal and generate the residual audiodata.

The device 110 may determine (1020) whether there is an additional stageof echo cancellation, and, if so, may determine (1022) reference signalsfor the additional stage of echo cancellation and perform (1024) echocancellation using the residual audio data from the previous stage. Forexample, the device 110 may determine that the second stage performsecho cancellation using multiple reference signals (e.g., midrangesignals) and may perform the second stage echo cancellation to removethe midrange signals from first residual audio data to generate secondresidual audio data (e.g., output from the second stage of echocancellation). After the device 110 performs echo cancellation in step1020, the device 110 may loop to step 1020 and determine whether thereis an additional stage of echo cancellation.

If the device 110 determines that there is not an additional stage ofecho cancellation in step 1020, the device 110 may generate (1026) aportion of output audio data using the residual audio data generated instep 1018 or 1024. For example, if there is a single stage of echocancellation (e.g., only a first group of reference signals), the device110 may generate the portion of the output audio data using the firstresidual audio data generated in step 1018. However, if there is asecond stage of echo cancellation, the device 110 may generate theportion of the output audio data using the second residual audio datagenerated in 1024, and so on.

The device 110 may then determine (1028) whether there is an additionalfrequency band, and, if so, may loop to step 1012 and repeat steps1012-1026 for the additional frequency band. If there is not anadditional frequency band, the device 110 may generate (1030) the outputaudio data by combining the portions of audio data generated forindividual frequency bands in step 1026.

FIG. 11 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming grouping reference audio signals according to embodiments ofthe present disclosure. As illustrated in FIG. 11, the device 110 maydetermine (1110) an energy value within an individual frequency band foreach reference signal. For example, the device 110 may determine aplurality of energy values corresponding to a first frequency band, withthe number of the plurality of energy values corresponding to the numberof reference signals. To illustrate an example including one wooferreference signal, three midrange reference signals, and one tweeterreference signal, the device 110 may determine five energy values foreach individual frequency band. However, the disclosure is not limitedthereto and in some examples, the device 110 may not determine energyvalues for all of the reference signals without departing from thedisclosure. For example, the device 110 may ignore the tweeter referencesignal during a low frequency band and/or ignore the woofer referencesignal during a high frequency band without departing from thedisclosure. Additionally or alternatively, the device 110 may determinewhether the energy values exceed a minimum threshold value and onlydetermine the plurality of energy values for the reference signals thatexceed the minimum threshold value without departing from thedisclosure.

After determining the plurality of energy values for a frequency band,the device 110 may select (1112) a highest energy value as a firstenergy value and may include (1114) a first reference signalcorresponding to the first energy value in a first group. The device 110may then select (1116) a next highest energy value as a second energyvalue, determine (1118) a difference between the first energy value andthe second energy value, and determine (1120) whether the differenceexceeds a first threshold value.

If the difference does not exceed the first threshold value (e.g., thesecond energy value is within the threshold value of the first energyvalue, indicating that these reference signals should be included in thesame group and processed in parallel), the device 110 may include (1122)a signal corresponding to the second energy value in the current group,select (1124) the second energy value as the first energy value, andloop to step 1116 to select a next highest energy value as the secondenergy value. Thus, the device 110 may repeat steps 1116-1124 until adifference between the first energy value and the second energy valueexceeds the first threshold value.

When the difference exceeds the first threshold value in step 1120, thedevice 110 may determine (1126) whether the second energy value exceedsa second threshold value. For example, the second threshold value mayindicate a minimum threshold value below which a reference audio signalis simply ignored during echo cancellation. If the second energy valueexceeds the second threshold value, the device 110 may include (1128) asignal corresponding to the second energy value in an additional group(e.g., second stage), may select (1130) the second energy value as thefirst energy value, and may loop to step 1116 to select a next highestenergy value as the second energy value. Thus, the device 110 may repeatsteps 1116-1124 for the additional group (e.g., second stage) until adifference between the first energy value and the second energy valueexceeds the first threshold value.

The device 110 may continue repeating steps 116-1130 until the device110 has grouped all of the reference audio signals or the second energyvalue does not exceed the second threshold value in step 1126. When thesecond energy value does not exceed the second threshold value, thedevice 110 may ignore (1132) a corresponding signal. While notillustrated in FIG. 11, the device 110 may repeat these steps to groupreference signals for each individual frequency band and then performecho cancellation using the determined groups.

FIG. 12 is a flowchart conceptually illustrating an example method forperforming cascaded echo cancellation using dynamic configurationsaccording to embodiments of the present disclosure. As illustrated inFIG. 12, the device 110 may select (1210) a frequency band, determine(1212) energy values for each reference signal within the selectedfrequency band, and group (1214) energy values within a threshold togenerate one or more groups, as described above with regard to FIG. 11.

The device 110 may select (1216) first reference signal(s) includedwithin a first group and perform (1218) first stage echo cancellation togenerate first residual audio data. For example, the device 110 mayselect one or more first reference signals that are included in thefirst group, may generate first estimated echo audio data using the oneor more first reference signals and a first plurality of filtercoefficient values, and may subtract the first estimated echo audio datafrom the microphone audio data to generate the first residual audiodata. During the first stage echo cancellation, the device 110 may alsoadapt the first plurality of filter coefficient values to generate asecond plurality of filter coefficient values.

The device 110 may determine (1220) whether there is an additional groupof reference signal(s) and, if so, may select (1222) second referencesignal(s) included within the second group and perform (1224) secondecho cancellation using the residual audio data from the previous stageto generate additional residual audio data. For example, the device 110may select one or more second reference signals that are included in thesecond group, may generate second estimated echo audio data using theone or more second reference signals and a third plurality of filtercoefficient values, and may subtract the second estimated echo audiodata from the first residual audio data to generate second residualaudio data. During the second stage echo cancellation, the device 110may also adapt the third plurality of filter coefficient values togenerate a fourth plurality of filter coefficient values.

The device 110 may loop to step 1220 and determine whether there is anadditional group. For each additional group, the device 110 may performsteps 1222-1224 using an additional stage of echo cancellation togenerate additional residual audio data and adapt filter coefficientscorresponding to the additional stage of echo cancellation. When thedevice 110 determines that there is not an additional group in step1220, the device 110 may generate (1226) a portion of output audio datausing the residual audio data generated in step 1218 or 1224. Forexample, if there is a single stage (e.g., only a first group ofreference signals), the device 110 may generate the portion of theoutput audio data using the first residual audio data. However, if thereis a second stage, the device 110 may generate the portion of the outputaudio data using the second residual audio data, and so on.

The device 110 may determine (1228) whether there is an additionalfrequency band, and, if so, may loop to step 1210 and repeat steps1210-1226 for the additional frequency band. When the device 110determines in step 1228 that there is not an additional frequency band,the device 110 may generate (1230) output audio data by combining theportions of the output audio data generated in step 1226 for eachindividual frequency band.

FIG. 13 is a block diagram conceptually illustrating example componentsof a system \ according to embodiments of the present disclosure. Inoperation, the system 100 may include computer-readable andcomputer-executable instructions that reside on the device 110, as willbe discussed further below.

The device 110 may include one or more audio capture device(s), such asa microphone array which may include one or more microphones 112. Theaudio capture device(s) may be integrated into a single device or may beseparate. The device 110 may also include an audio output device forproducing sound, such as loudspeaker(s) 116. The audio output device maybe integrated into a single device or may be separate.

As illustrated in FIG. 13, the device 110 may include an address/databus 1324 for conveying data among components of the device 110. Eachcomponent within the device 110 may also be directly connected to othercomponents in addition to (or instead of) being connected to othercomponents across the bus 1324.

The device 110 may include one or more controllers/processors 1304,which may each include a central processing unit (CPU) for processingdata and computer-readable instructions, and a memory 1306 for storingdata and instructions. The memory 1306 may include volatile randomaccess memory (RAM), non-volatile read only memory (ROM), non-volatilemagnetoresistive (MRAM) and/or other types of memory. The device 110 mayalso include a data storage component 1308, for storing data andcontroller/processor-executable instructions (e.g., instructions toperform operations discussed herein). The data storage component 1308may include one or more non-volatile storage types such as magneticstorage, optical storage, solid-state storage, etc. The device 110 mayalso be connected to removable or external non-volatile memory and/orstorage (such as a removable memory card, memory key drive, networkedstorage, etc.) through the input/output device interfaces 1302.

The device 110 includes input/output device interfaces 1302. A varietyof components may be connected through the input/output deviceinterfaces 1302. For example, the device 110 may include one or moremicrophone(s) 112 (e.g., a plurality of microphones 112 in a microphonearray), one or more loudspeaker(s) 114, and/or a media source such as adigital media player (not illustrated) that connect through theinput/output device interfaces 1302, although the disclosure is notlimited thereto. Instead, the number of microphones 112 and/or thenumber of loudspeaker(s) 114 may vary without departing from thedisclosure. In some examples, the microphones 112 and/or loudspeaker(s)114 may be external to the device 110, although the disclosure is notlimited thereto. The input/output interfaces 1302 may include A/Dconverters (not illustrated) and/or D/A converters (not illustrated).

The input/output device interfaces 1302 may also include an interfacefor an external peripheral device connection such as universal serialbus (USB), FireWire, Thunderbolt, Ethernet port or other connectionprotocol that may connect to network(s) 199.

The input/output device interfaces 1302 may be configured to operatewith network(s) 199, for example via an Ethernet port, a wireless localarea network (WLAN) (such as WiFi), Bluetooth, ZigBee and/or wirelessnetworks, such as a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, WiMAX network, 3Gnetwork, etc. The network(s) 199 may include a local or private networkor may include a wide network such as the internet. Devices may beconnected to the network(s) 199 through either wired or wirelessconnections.

The device 110 may include components that may compriseprocessor-executable instructions stored in storage 1308 to be executedby controller(s)/processor(s) 1304 (e.g., software, firmware, hardware,or some combination thereof). For example, components of the device 110may be part of a software application running in the foreground and/orbackground on the device 110. Some or all of the controllers/componentsof the device 110 may be executable instructions that may be embedded inhardware or firmware in addition to, or instead of, software. In oneembodiment, the device 110 may operate using an Android operating system(such as Android 4.3 Jelly Bean, Android 4.4 KitKat or the like), anAmazon operating system (such as FireOS or the like), or any othersuitable operating system.

Computer instructions for operating the device 110 and its variouscomponents may be executed by the controller(s)/processor(s) 1304, usingthe memory 1306 as temporary “working” storage at runtime. The computerinstructions may be stored in a non-transitory manner in non-volatilememory 1306, storage 1308, or an external device. Alternatively, some orall of the executable instructions may be embedded in hardware orfirmware in addition to or instead of software.

Multiple devices may be employed in a single device 110. In such amulti-device device, each of the devices may include differentcomponents for performing different aspects of the processes discussedabove. The multiple devices may include overlapping components. Thecomponents listed in any of the figures herein are exemplary, and may beincluded a stand-alone device or may be included, in whole or in part,as a component of a larger device or system.

The concepts disclosed herein may be applied within a number ofdifferent devices and computer systems, including, for example,general-purpose computing systems, server-client computing systems,mainframe computing systems, telephone computing systems, laptopcomputers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), tabletcomputers, video capturing devices, wearable computing devices (watches,glasses, etc.), other mobile devices, video game consoles, speechprocessing systems, distributed computing environments, etc. Thus thecomponents, components and/or processes described above may be combinedor rearranged without departing from the present disclosure. Thefunctionality of any component described above may be allocated amongmultiple components, or combined with a different component. Asdiscussed above, any or all of the components may be embodied in one ormore general-purpose microprocessors, or in one or more special-purposedigital signal processors or other dedicated microprocessing hardware.One or more components may also be embodied in software implemented by aprocessing unit. Further, one or more of the components may be omittedfrom the processes entirely.

The above embodiments of the present disclosure are meant to beillustrative. They were chosen to explain the principles and applicationof the disclosure and are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit thedisclosure. Many modifications and variations of the disclosedembodiments may be apparent to those of skill in the art. Persons havingordinary skill in the field of computers and/or digital imaging shouldrecognize that components and process steps described herein may beinterchangeable with other components or steps, or combinations ofcomponents or steps, and still achieve the benefits and advantages ofthe present disclosure. Moreover, it should be apparent to one skilledin the art, that the disclosure may be practiced without some or all ofthe specific details and steps disclosed herein.

Aspects of the disclosed system may be implemented as a computer methodor as an article of manufacture such as a memory device ornon-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer readablestorage medium may be readable by a computer and may compriseinstructions for causing a computer or other device to perform processesdescribed in the present disclosure. The computer readable storagemedium may be implemented by a volatile computer memory, non-volatilecomputer memory, hard drive, solid-state memory, flash drive, removabledisk and/or other media. Some or all of the components described abovemay be implemented by a digital signal processor (DSP).

Embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in differentforms of software, firmware and/or hardware. Further, the teachings ofthe disclosure may be performed by an application specific integratedcircuit (ASIC), field programmable gate array (FPGA), or othercomponent, for example.

Conditional language used herein, such as, among others, “can,” “could,”“might,” “may,” “e.g.,” and the like, unless specifically statedotherwise, or otherwise understood within the context as used, isgenerally intended to convey that certain embodiments include, whileother embodiments do not include, certain features, elements and/orsteps. Thus, such conditional language is not generally intended toimply that features, elements and/or steps are in any way required forone or more embodiments or that one or more embodiments necessarilyinclude logic for deciding, with or without author input or prompting,whether these features, elements and/or steps are included or are to beperformed in any particular embodiment. The terms “comprising,”“including,” “having,” and the like are synonymous and are usedinclusively, in an open-ended fashion, and do not exclude additionalelements, features, acts, operations, and so forth. Also, the term “or”is used in its inclusive sense (and not in its exclusive sense) so thatwhen used, for example, to connect a list of elements, the term “or”means one, some, or all of the elements in the list.

Conjunctive language such as the phrase “at least one of X, Y and Z,”unless specifically stated otherwise, is to be understood with thecontext as used in general to convey that an item, term, etc. may beeither X, Y, or Z, or a combination thereof. Thus, such conjunctivelanguage is not generally intended to imply that certain embodimentsrequire at least one of X, at least one of Y and at least one of Z toeach is present.

As used in this disclosure, the term “a” or “one” may include one ormore items unless specifically stated otherwise. Further, the phrase“based on” is intended to mean “based at least in part on” unlessspecifically stated otherwise.

What is claimed is:
 1. A computer-implemented method, the methodcomprising: determining a first energy value of a first portion of firstreference audio data, the first reference audio data associated with afirst loudspeaker that is configured to output audio in a wooferfrequency range; determining a second energy value of a first portion ofsecond reference audio data, the second reference audio data associatedwith a second loudspeaker that is configured to output audio in amidrange frequency range; determining a first difference between thefirst energy value and the second energy value; determining that thefirst difference exceeds a threshold difference value; generating firstestimated echo audio data using the first portion of the first referenceaudio data and a first plurality of filter coefficient values, the firstplurality of filter coefficient values associated with a first acousticecho canceller; subtracting the first estimated echo audio data from afirst portion of first audio data to generate second audio data, thefirst audio data generated by at least one microphone of a device;generating a second plurality of filter coefficient values using thesecond audio data and the first plurality of filter coefficient values;generating second estimated echo audio data using the first portion ofthe second reference audio data and a third plurality of filtercoefficient values, the third plurality of filter coefficient valuesassociated with a second acoustic echo canceller; subtracting the secondestimated echo audio data from the second audio data to generate thirdaudio data; generating a fourth plurality of filter coefficient valuesusing the third audio data and the third plurality of filter coefficientvalues; generating third estimated echo audio data using a secondportion of the first reference audio data and the second plurality offilter coefficient values; subtracting the third estimated echo audiodata from a second portion of the first audio data to generate fourthaudio data; generating fourth estimated echo audio data using a secondportion of the second reference audio data and the fourth plurality offilter coefficient values; and subtracting the fourth estimated echoaudio data from the fourth audio data to generate fifth audio data. 2.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:determining a third energy value of a third portion of the firstreference audio data; determining a fourth energy value of a thirdportion of the second reference audio data; determining a seconddifference between the third energy value and the fourth energy value;determining that the second difference does not exceed the thresholddifference value; generating fifth estimated echo audio data using thethird portion of the first reference audio data, the third portion ofthe second reference audio data, and a fifth plurality of filtercoefficient values; subtracting the fifth estimated echo audio data froma third portion of the first audio data to generate sixth audio data;and generating a sixth plurality of filter coefficient values using thesixth audio data and the fifth plurality of filter coefficient values.3. The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:determining a third energy value of a portion of third reference audiodata, the third reference audio data associated with a thirdloudspeaker; determining a second difference between the second energyvalue and the third energy value; determining that the second differenceexceeds the threshold difference value; generating fifth estimated echoaudio data using the portion of the third reference audio data and afifth plurality of filter coefficient values; subtracting the fifthestimated echo audio data from the third audio data to generate sixthaudio data; and generating a sixth plurality of filter coefficientvalues using the sixth audio data and the fifth plurality of filtercoefficient values.
 4. A computer-implemented method, the methodcomprising: receiving first reference audio data associated with a firstloudspeaker of a device; receiving second reference audio dataassociated with a second loudspeaker of the device; receiving firstaudio data from at least one microphone of the device; determining afirst energy value of a portion of the first reference audio data withina first frequency range; determining a second energy value of a portionof the second reference audio data within the first frequency range;determining that a first difference between the first energy value andthe second energy value satisfies a condition; performing, using a firstplurality of filter coefficient values and the portion of the firstreference audio data, first echo cancellation processing on the firstaudio data to generate second audio data, the first plurality of filtercoefficient values associated with a first echo canceller; generating asecond plurality of filter coefficient values using the second audiodata and the first plurality of filter coefficient values; performing,using a third plurality of filter coefficient values and the portion ofthe second reference audio data, second echo cancellation processing onthe second audio data to generate third audio data, the third pluralityof filter coefficient values associated with a second echo canceller;and generating a fourth plurality of filter coefficient values using thethird audio data and the third plurality of filter coefficient values.5. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising:receiving third reference audio data associated with the firstloudspeaker; receiving fourth reference audio data associated with thesecond loudspeaker; receiving fourth audio data from the at least onemicrophone; determining a third energy value of a portion of the thirdreference audio data within the first frequency range; determining afourth energy value of a portion of the fourth reference audio datawithin the first frequency range; determining that a second differencebetween the third energy value and the fourth energy value does notsatisfy the condition; performing, using a fifth plurality of filtercoefficient values, the portion of the third reference audio data, andthe portion of the fourth reference audio data, third echo cancellationprocessing on the fourth audio data to generate fifth audio data; andgenerating a sixth plurality of filter coefficient values using thefifth audio data and the fifth plurality of filter coefficient values.6. The computer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising:receiving third reference audio data associated with a third loudspeakerof the device; determining a third energy value of a portion of thethird reference audio data within the first frequency range; anddetermining that a second difference between the first energy value andthe third energy value does not satisfy the condition, whereinperforming the first echo cancellation processing further comprises:generating first estimated echo audio data using the portion of thefirst reference audio data and a first portion of the first plurality offilter coefficient values, generating second estimated echo audio datausing the portion of the third reference audio data and a second portionof the first plurality of filter coefficient values, and generating thesecond audio data by subtracting the first estimated echo audio data andthe second estimated echo audio data from the first audio data.
 7. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising: receivingthird reference audio data associated with a third loudspeaker of thedevice; determining a third energy value of a portion of the thirdreference audio data within the first frequency range; determining thata second difference between the first energy value and the third energyvalue satisfies the condition; and determining that a third differencebetween the second energy value and the third energy value does notsatisfy the condition, wherein performing the second echo cancellationprocessing further comprises: generating first estimated echo audio datausing the portion of the second reference audio data and a first portionof the third plurality of filter coefficient values, generating secondestimated echo audio data using the portion of the third reference audiodata and a second portion of the third plurality of filter coefficientvalues, and generating the third audio data by subtracting the firstestimated echo audio data and the second estimated echo audio data fromthe second audio data.
 8. The computer-implemented method of claim 4,further comprising: receiving third reference audio data associated witha third loudspeaker of the device; determining a third energy value of aportion of the third reference audio data within the first frequencyrange; determining that a second difference between the second energyvalue and the third energy value satisfies the condition; performing,using a fifth plurality of filter coefficient values and the portion ofthe third reference audio data, third echo cancellation processing onthe third audio data to generate fourth audio data; and generating asixth plurality of filter coefficient values using the fourth audio dataand the fifth plurality of filter coefficient values.
 9. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising: receivingthird reference audio data associated with the first loudspeaker;receiving fourth reference audio data associated with the secondloudspeaker; receiving fourth audio data from the at least onemicrophone; determining a first signal quality metric value of a portionof the third reference audio data within the first frequency range;determining a second signal quality metric value of a portion of thefourth reference audio data within the first frequency range;determining that the first signal quality metric value is below athreshold value; determining that the second signal quality metric valueis above the threshold value; and performing, using a fifth plurality offilter coefficient values and the portion of the fourth reference audiodata, third echo cancellation processing on the fourth audio data togenerate fifth audio data.
 10. The computer-implemented method of claim4, further comprising: receiving fourth audio data from the at least onemicrophone; determining a third energy value of a second portion of thefirst reference audio data within a second frequency range; determininga fourth energy value of a second portion of the second reference audiodata within the second frequency range; determining that a seconddifference between the third energy value and the fourth energy valuedoes not satisfy the condition; performing, using a fifth plurality offilter coefficient values, the second portion of the first referenceaudio data, and the second portion of the second reference audio data,third echo cancellation processing on the fourth audio data to generatefifth audio data, the fifth plurality of filter coefficient valuesassociated with a third echo canceller; and generating a sixth pluralityof filter coefficient values using the fifth audio data and the fifthplurality of filter coefficient values.
 11. The computer-implementedmethod of claim 4, further comprising: receiving third reference audiodata associated with a third loudspeaker; receiving fourth audio datafrom the at least one microphone; determining a third energy value of asecond portion of the first reference audio data within a secondfrequency range; determining a fourth energy value of a second portionof the second reference audio data within the second frequency range;determining a fifth energy value of a portion of the third referenceaudio data within the second frequency range; determining that the thirdenergy value is below a threshold value; determining that the fourthenergy value and the fifth energy value are above the threshold value;determining that a second difference between the fourth energy value andthe fifth energy value does not satisfy the condition; performing, usinga fifth plurality of filter coefficient values, the second portion ofthe second reference audio data, and the portion of the third referenceaudio data, third echo cancellation processing on the fourth audio datato generate fifth audio data, the fifth plurality of filter coefficientvalues associated with a third echo canceller; and generating a sixthplurality of filter coefficient values using the fifth audio data andthe fifth plurality of filter coefficient values.
 12. Thecomputer-implemented method of claim 4, further comprising: receivingthird reference audio data associated with the first loudspeaker, thefirst loudspeaker configured to generate first output audio within asecond frequency range that includes the first frequency range;receiving fourth reference audio data associated with the secondloudspeaker, the second loudspeaker configured to generate second outputaudio within a third frequency range that includes the first frequencyrange; receiving fourth audio data from the at least one microphone;determining a third energy value of a portion of the third referenceaudio data within the first frequency range; determining a fourth energyvalue of a portion of the fourth reference audio data within the firstfrequency range; determining that a second difference between the thirdenergy value and the fourth energy value satisfies the condition;performing, using the third plurality of filter coefficient values andthe portion of the third reference audio data, third echo cancellationprocessing on the fourth audio data to generate fifth audio data; andperforming, using the fourth plurality of filter coefficient values andthe portion of the fourth reference audio data, fourth echo cancellationprocessing on the fifth audio data to generate sixth audio data.
 13. Asystem comprising: at least one processor; and memory includinginstructions operable to be executed by the at least one processor tocause the system to: receive first reference audio data associated witha first loudspeaker of a device; receive second reference audio dataassociated with a second loudspeaker of the device; receive first audiodata from at least one microphone of the device; determine a firstenergy value of a portion of the first reference audio data within afirst frequency range; determine a second energy value of a portion ofthe second reference audio data within the first frequency range;determine that a first difference between the first energy value and thesecond energy value satisfies a condition; perform, using a firstplurality of filter coefficient values and the portion of the firstreference audio data, first echo cancellation processing on the firstaudio data to generate second audio data, the first plurality of filtercoefficient values associated with a first echo canceller; generate asecond plurality of filter coefficient values using the second audiodata and the first plurality of filter coefficient values; perform,using a third plurality of filter coefficient values and the portion ofthe second reference audio data, second echo cancellation processing onthe second audio data to generate third audio data, the third pluralityof filter coefficient values associated with a second echo canceller;and generate a fourth plurality of filter coefficient values using thethird audio data and the third plurality of filter coefficient values.14. The system of claim 13, wherein the memory further comprisesinstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, furthercause the system to: receive third reference audio data associated withthe first loudspeaker; receive fourth reference audio data associatedwith the second loudspeaker; receive fourth audio data from the at leastone microphone; determine a third energy value of a portion of the thirdreference audio data within the first frequency range; determine afourth energy value of a portion of the fourth reference audio datawithin the first frequency range; determine that a second differencebetween the third energy value and the fourth energy value does notsatisfy the condition; perform, using a fifth plurality of filtercoefficient values, the portion of the third reference audio data, andthe portion of the fourth reference audio data, third echo cancellationprocessing on the fourth audio data to generate fifth audio data; andgenerate a sixth plurality of filter coefficient values using the fifthaudio data and the fifth plurality of filter coefficient values.
 15. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the memory further comprises instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause thesystem to: receive third reference audio data associated with a thirdloudspeaker of the device; determine a third energy value of a portionof the third reference audio data within the first frequency range; anddetermine that a second difference between the first energy value andthe third energy value does not satisfy the condition, wherein performthe first echo cancellation processing further comprises: generate firstestimated echo audio data using the portion of the first reference audiodata and a first portion of the first plurality of filter coefficientvalues, generate second estimated echo audio data using the portion ofthe third reference audio data and a second portion of the firstplurality of filter coefficient values, and generate the second audiodata by subtracting the first estimated echo audio data and the secondestimated echo audio data from the first audio data.
 16. The system ofclaim 13, wherein the memory further comprises instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, further cause the system to:receive third reference audio data associated with a third loudspeakerof the device; determine a third energy value of a portion of the thirdreference audio data within the first frequency range; determine that asecond difference between the second energy value and the third energyvalue satisfies the condition; perform, using a fifth plurality offilter coefficient values and the portion of the third reference audiodata, third echo cancellation processing on the third audio data togenerate fourth audio data; and generate a sixth plurality of filtercoefficient values using the fourth audio data and the fifth pluralityof filter coefficient values.
 17. The system of claim 13, wherein thememory further comprises instructions that, when executed by the atleast one processor, further cause the system to: receive thirdreference audio data associated with the first loudspeaker; receivefourth reference audio data associated with the second loudspeaker;receive fourth audio data from the at least one microphone; determine afirst signal quality metric value of a portion of the third referenceaudio data within the first frequency range; determine a second signalquality metric value of a portion of the fourth reference audio datawithin the first frequency range; determine that the first signalquality metric value is below a threshold value; determine that thesecond signal quality metric value is above the threshold value; andperform, using a fifth plurality of filter coefficient values and theportion of the fourth reference audio data, third echo cancellationprocessing on the fourth audio data to generate fifth audio data. 18.The system of claim 13, wherein the memory further comprisesinstructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, furthercause the system to: receive fourth audio data from the at least onemicrophone; determine a third energy value of a second portion of thefirst reference audio data within a second frequency range; determine afourth energy value of a second portion of the second reference audiodata within the second frequency range; determine that a seconddifference between the third energy value and the fourth energy valuedoes not satisfy the condition; perform, using a fifth plurality offilter coefficient values, the second portion of the first referenceaudio data, and the second portion of the second reference audio data,third echo cancellation processing on the fourth audio data to generatefifth audio data, the fifth plurality of filter coefficient valuesassociated with a third echo canceller; and generate a sixth pluralityof filter coefficient values using the fifth audio data and the fifthplurality of filter coefficient values.
 19. The system of claim 13,wherein the memory further comprises instructions that, when executed bythe at least one processor, further cause the system to: receive thirdreference audio data associated with a third loudspeaker; receive fourthaudio data from the at least one microphone; determine a third energyvalue of a second portion of the first reference audio data within asecond frequency range; determine a fourth energy value of a secondportion of the second reference audio data within the second frequencyrange; determine a fifth energy value of a portion of the thirdreference audio data within the second frequency range; determine thatthe third energy value is below a threshold value; determine that thefourth energy value and the fifth energy value are above the thresholdvalue; determining that a second difference between the fourth energyvalue and the fifth energy value does not satisfy the condition;perform, using a fifth plurality of filter coefficient values, thesecond portion of the second reference audio data, and the portion ofthe third reference audio data, third echo cancellation processing onthe fourth audio data to generate fifth audio data, the fifth pluralityof filter coefficient values associated with a third echo canceller; andgenerate a sixth plurality of filter coefficient values using the fifthaudio data and the fifth plurality of filter coefficient values.
 20. Thesystem of claim 13, wherein the memory further comprises instructionsthat, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause thesystem to: receive third reference audio data associated with the firstloudspeaker, the first loudspeaker configured to generate first outputaudio within a second frequency range that includes the first frequencyrange; receive fourth reference audio data associated with the secondloudspeaker, the second loudspeaker configured to generate second outputaudio within a third frequency range that includes the first frequencyrange; receive fourth audio data from the at least one microphone;determine a third energy value of a portion of the third reference audiodata within the first frequency range; determine a fourth energy valueof a portion of the fourth reference audio data within the firstfrequency range; determine that a second difference between the thirdenergy value and the fourth energy value satisfies the condition;perform, using the second plurality of filter coefficient values and theportion of the third reference audio data, third echo cancellationprocessing on the fourth audio data to generate fifth audio data; andperform, using the fourth plurality of filter coefficient values and theportion of the fourth reference audio data, fourth echo cancellationprocessing on the fifth audio data to generate sixth audio data.